Gastrointestinal Function (Analysis Report Card)

(Gastrointestinal Function) Analysis Report Card Name: Anonymous Sex: Male Age: 54 Figure: Severe partial fat(160cm,82kg) Testing Time: 2011-12-30 12:59 Actual Testing Results Testing Item Normal Range Actual Measurement Value Testing Result Pepsin Secretion Coefficient 59.847 - 65.234 65.04 Normal (-) Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient 58.425 - 61.213 59.616 Normal (-) Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient 34.367 - 35.642 34.339 Mildly Abnormal (+) Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient 133.437 - 140.476 137.574 Normal (-) Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient 3.572 - 6.483 5.008 Normal (-) Reference Standard: - Normal    + Mildly Abnormal    ++ Moderately Abnormal    +++ Severely Abnormal Pepsin Secretion Coefficient: 59.847-65.234(-) 58.236-59.847(+) 55.347-58.236(++) <55.347(+++) Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient: 58.425-61.213(-) 56.729-58.425(+) 53.103-56.729(++) <53.103(+++) Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient: 34.367-35.642(-) 31.467-34.367(+) 28.203-31.467(++) <28.203(+++) Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient: 133.437-140.476(-) 126.749-133.437(+) 124.321-126.749(++) <124.321(+++) Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient: 3.572-6.483(-) 3.109-3.572(+) 2.203-3.109(++) <2.203(+++) Parameter Description Pepsin Secretion Coefficient: The stomach has two kinds of duct glands, wherein one is gastric gland which mainly secretes digestive juice and the other is cardiac gland which mainly secretes mucus to protect the mucosa of the cardia. The gastric gland is consist of three kinds of cells: mucous neck cells, chief cells and parietal cells, wherein the mucous neck cells secrete mucus and are located on the surface and below the cortex; the chief cells secrete digestive juice and are located in the middle of the glands and below the neck mucous cells, and the digestive juice mainly includes pepsin; the parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, namely the so-called gastric acid, and they are located at the bottom of stomach closing to the cardia, containing many small ducts communicated with the glandular cavity. Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient: There are oblique, circular and longitudinal smooth muscles on the gastric wall, and their contraction and relaxation make the stomach have the capability of peristalsis. Gastric peristalsis grinds the food for further processing as well as the role of gastric juice to make food into a gruel kind of chyme, and then the chime are ejected in the small intestines in batches through the pylorus. The time of processing food in the stomach is different. The processing time of carbohydrate foods is shorter than that of protein foods, and the processing time of fat and oil foods is longest, so we are not easy to hunger after eating meat and oily foods. The food is preliminarily digested by the gastric motion (peristalsis) and gastric juice (mucus, gastric acid, protease, etc.) secreted by the stomach to form a paste (chyme), and then enters the small intestines (including: duodenum, jejunum and ileum) after eating about 3-4 hours. Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient: The gastric gland in gastric mucosa secretes a kind of colorless and transparent acidic gastric juice, and the gastric gland of an adult can secrete 1.5-2.5 liters of gastric juice each day. Gastric juice contains three main components, namely, pepsin, hydrochloric acid and mucus. The pepsin can decompose proteins in food into proteose and protease with smaller molecules. Hydrochloric acid is gastric acid. Gastric acid can change protease with no activity into active pepsin and create a suitable acidic environment for pepsin, having the function for killing bacteria entering into the stomach with food. Gastric acid can stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice, bile and small intestinal fluid after entering into the small intestines.The acidic environment caused by the gastric acid can help the small intestines absorb iron and calcium. With the role of lubrication, gastric mucus can reduce the damage of food for gastric mucosa and can also reduce the erosion of gastric acid and pepsin for gastric mucosa, having a protective effect for stomach. Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient: Small intestine peristalsis is in a unique movement style, being an alternating motion of rhythmic contraction and relaxation with circular muscle as the main. Function: it promotes chyme and digestive juice to be fully mixed for chemical digestion; it makes chyme close to the intestine wall to promote absorption; it squeezes the intestine wall to promote reflux of blood and lymph. Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient: (1) The absorption of sugar: the sugar is generally decomposed into simple sugar to be absorbed, and only a small amount of biose is absorbed. (2) The absorption of protein: 50-100 grams of amino acids and a small amount of dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed each day. (3) The absorption of fat: mixed small micelles are transported to arrive in microvilli, bile salts remain in the intestine, and fat digestion products (fatty acids, monoglyceride, cholesterol and lysolecithin) are diffused into the cells. The middle and short-chain fatty acids (<10-12C) do not need to be esterified, and can be directly diffused into the capillaries of villi. Other fat digestion products are esterified in smooth endoplasmic reticulum to form triglycerides (long-chain fatty acids + glyceride), cholesterol ester and lecithin to combine with the apoprotein / apolipoprotein (synthesized by intestinal epithelial cells) into chylomicrons; the chylomicrons are packaged into secretory granules in the GC for exocytosis to enter into the thoracic duct, then are absorbed by the lymphatic vessel and finally enter the blood circulation. (4) The absorption of water: the water is passively absorbed by osmotic pressure gradient formed by the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes in the intestine (osmosis). The test results for reference only and not as a diagnostic conclusion.
Name: Anonymous	Sex: Male	Age: 54
Figure: Severe partial fat(160cm,82kg) Testing Time: 2011-12-30 12:59

Actual Testing Results

Testing Item	Normal Range	Actual Measurement Value	Testing Result
Pepsin Secretion Coefficient	59.847 - 65.234	65.04	Normal (-)
Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient	58.425 - 61.213	59.616	Normal (-)
Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient	34.367 - 35.642	34.339	Mildly Abnormal (+)
Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient	133.437 - 140.476	137.574	Normal (-)
Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient	3.572 - 6.483	5.008	Normal (-)

Reference Standard:	- Normal    + Mildly Abnormal    ++ Moderately Abnormal    +++ Severely Abnormal
Pepsin Secretion Coefficient:	59.847-65.234(-)	58.236-59.847(+)
	55.347-58.236(++)	<55.347(+++)
Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient:	58.425-61.213(-)	56.729-58.425(+)
	53.103-56.729(++)	<53.103(+++)
Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient:	34.367-35.642(-)	31.467-34.367(+)
	28.203-31.467(++)	<28.203(+++)
Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient:	133.437-140.476(-)	126.749-133.437(+)
	124.321-126.749(++)	<124.321(+++)
Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient:	3.572-6.483(-)	3.109-3.572(+)
	2.203-3.109(++)	<2.203(+++)

Parameter Description

Pepsin Secretion Coefficient:

The stomach has two kinds of duct glands, wherein one is gastric gland which mainly secretes digestive juice and the other is cardiac gland which mainly secretes mucus to protect the mucosa of the cardia. The gastric gland is consist of three kinds of cells: mucous neck cells, chief cells and parietal cells, wherein the mucous neck cells secrete mucus and are located on the surface and below the cortex; the chief cells secrete digestive juice and are located in the middle of the glands and below the neck mucous cells, and the digestive juice mainly includes pepsin; the parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, namely the so-called gastric acid, and they are located at the bottom of stomach closing to the cardia, containing many small ducts communicated with the glandular cavity.

Gastric Peristalsis Function Coefficient:

There are oblique, circular and longitudinal smooth muscles on the gastric wall, and their contraction and relaxation make the stomach have the capability of peristalsis. Gastric peristalsis grinds the food for further processing as well as the role of gastric juice to make food into a gruel kind of chyme, and then the chime are ejected in the small intestines in batches through the pylorus. The time of processing food in the stomach is different. The processing time of carbohydrate foods is shorter than that of protein foods, and the processing time of fat and oil foods is longest, so we are not easy to hunger after eating meat and oily foods. The food is preliminarily digested by the gastric motion (peristalsis) and gastric juice (mucus, gastric acid, protease, etc.) secreted by the stomach to form a paste (chyme), and then enters the small intestines (including: duodenum, jejunum and ileum) after eating about 3-4 hours.

Gastric Absorption Function Coefficient:

The gastric gland in gastric mucosa secretes a kind of colorless and transparent acidic gastric juice, and the gastric gland of an adult can secrete 1.5-2.5 liters of gastric juice each day. Gastric juice contains three main components, namely, pepsin, hydrochloric acid and mucus. The pepsin can decompose proteins in food into proteose and protease with smaller molecules. Hydrochloric acid is gastric acid. Gastric acid can change protease with no activity into active pepsin and create a suitable acidic environment for pepsin, having the function for killing bacteria entering into the stomach with food. Gastric acid can stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice, bile and small intestinal fluid after entering into the small intestines.The acidic environment caused by the gastric acid can help the small intestines absorb iron and calcium. With the role of lubrication, gastric mucus can reduce the damage of food for gastric mucosa and can also reduce the erosion of gastric acid and pepsin for gastric mucosa, having a protective effect for stomach.

Small Intestine Peristalsis Function Coefficient:

Small intestine peristalsis is in a unique movement style, being an alternating motion of rhythmic contraction and relaxation with circular muscle as the main. Function: it promotes chyme and digestive juice to be fully mixed for chemical digestion; it makes chyme close to the intestine wall to promote absorption; it squeezes the intestine wall to promote reflux of blood and lymph.

Small Intestine Absorption Function Coefficient:

(1) The absorption of sugar: the sugar is generally decomposed into simple sugar to be absorbed, and only a small amount of biose is absorbed. (2) The absorption of protein: 50-100 grams of amino acids and a small amount of dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed each day. (3) The absorption of fat: mixed small micelles are transported to arrive in microvilli, bile salts remain in the intestine, and fat digestion products (fatty acids, monoglyceride, cholesterol and lysolecithin) are diffused into the cells. The middle and short-chain fatty acids (<10-12C) do not need to be esterified, and can be directly diffused into the capillaries of villi. Other fat digestion products are esterified in smooth endoplasmic reticulum to form triglycerides (long-chain fatty acids + glyceride), cholesterol ester and lecithin to combine with the apoprotein / apolipoprotein (synthesized by intestinal epithelial cells) into chylomicrons; the chylomicrons are packaged into secretory granules in the GC for exocytosis to enter into the thoracic duct, then are absorbed by the lymphatic vessel and finally enter the blood circulation. (4) The absorption of water: the water is passively absorbed by osmotic pressure gradient formed by the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes in the intestine (osmosis).